The dictionary is held in a DV8O file which is read into memory first - takes a while to do. A sample dictionary is supplied but you can easily form your own, either by using TI WRITER, or let the SPELL1 program build up a custom dictionary as it scans your work.

You can of course have several dictionary files, so one for each specialist purpose is possible. Words which are in the dictionary are passed. If a word is not in the dictionary you have three choices... to add the word to the dictionary (subsequently your dictionary file is updated), to accept the word in all further occurrences in this file but not to bother saving it, or to object to it. If corrections are required, the LINE NUMBER the word is on is reported together with the word count on the line. This information can be logged if you wish.

Speed of checking depends on how adequate the dictionary is or how many errors you/TI Writer have made. Essentially it is quite fast. You do however need to make your corrections by reloading the TI Writer Editor and loading the text file. All alphabetical characters are treated as capitals... thus there is no checking for capitals in the wrong place! Anything other than A to Z is treated as a blank space. Thus RS232 is considered to be RS.

Going through a fairly large part of RAMBLES created a dictionary of 1200 words. Perhaps a little arduous to put EVERY text file through, but a useful utility.

SORT1 is a disk based sorting program. There may be lots of sorting routines around, but can they really sort ANYTHING? SORT1 will sort any file on up to 8 keys. Files may be internal or display, fixed or variable, any length.

You do not need to tell SORT1 what type of file you are sorting: it reads the disk directory itself! Your only inputs are the file names and key positions.

The sorted file is placed on disk in exactly the same format as the original file, but for sorting purposes a third FIXED file is created. The limitation on size is set by your disk system disk size and number of drives. Sorting 1200 words into order took about eight minutes: a lot faster than PRK could have managed. Two useful and powerful utilities at a very reasonable price. Well recommended.

Much of the material is from schools, and it is interesting to see the various attempts at drawing a heart using turtle graphics. TEST: Using Logo (or Forth) draw a heart using bit map graphics. The heart is to be drawn by a PROGRAM. Try it!

What I found very interesting was to compare these LOGO materials with the seven FORTH disks I have from the Milwaukee group... the Forth material may be a little more advanced but by and large FORTH seems to be finding the same uses by its adult owners as LOGO with its younger owners. BOTH languages are for exploration, and creation of your very own language

IMPORTANT- disambiguation- since originally writing the above in 1985, another software publisher has been around using the name Stainless Software Ltd, since renamed. Please note the above comment has no connection at all with the second use of the name.

SUPER 99 MONTHLY was born with a loss, as a full page ad paid for in advance to appear in ENTHUSIAST 99 never appeared when the IUG busted, and of course the money was lost. The magazine Super 99 did however appear and continues.

100 REM SCROLL DOWN
110 REM IN EXTENDED BASIC
120 REM 32K RAM REQUIRED
130 CALL INIT
140 CALL LOAD(8196,63,248)
150 CALL LOAD(16376,83,67,82
,76,68,78,48,0)
160 CALL LOAD(12288,2,224,13
1,224,4,192,2,1,37,20,2,2,2,
224,4,32,32,44)
170 CALL LOAD(12306,2,1,36,2
44,2,2,3,0,4,32,32,36,4,91)
180 FOR C=9460 TD 9492
190 CALL LOAD(C,128)
200 NEXT C
210 END

and a sample of use:
210 CALL CLEAR
220 PRINT "- THIS IS A TEST -"
230 FOR UP=1 TO 20 :: PRINT
240 NEXT UP
250 FOR DOWN=1 T0 20
260 CALL LINK("SCRLDN")
270 NEXT DOWN
280 GOTO 230

: TEST QUERY MYSELF ;

: TEST QUERY INTERPRET MYSELF ;

Try typing in BEEP (if you have it loaded) or to fall out of the loop, ABORT.
What happens if you type in an undefined word? Try it!

Another useful word is KEY which is the equivalent of CALL KEY... but waits for a key to be pressed, then the key value appears on the stack for you to look at and perhaps use or DROP. Try:

: TEST KEY EMIT MYSELF ;

A closer equivalent to CALL KEY is one which scans the keyboard and moves on, leaving a value of 0 if no key is pressed:

: TEST ?KEY IF EMIT MYSELF ELSE DROP MYSELF ENDIF ;

Lets go back to that endless loop we started with...
why not test for CLEAR (Break)? Try:

: TEST KEY ?TERMINAL IF ABORT ELSE EMIT MYSELF ENDIF ;

The word MYSELF used above merely repeats the word calling it, e.g. TEST
Take a look at the TEST above using ?KEY. The basic equivalent is:

10 CALL KEY(O,K,S)
20 IF S=0 THEN 10 ELSE PRINT CHRS(K) :: GOTO 10

Let's compare Basic to Forth... note that I and J are NOT interchangeable. J is only used when two loops are nested and J is always the OUTER loop counter

FOR I=I TO 20
PRINT "TI*MES"
NEXT I

is:
: TEST 21 1 DO ." TI*MES" CR LOOP ;

Note that 20 has to be 20+1=21 here!

A little more difficulty then:
FOR I=4 TO 16
PRINT I
NEXT I

becomes:

: TEST 17 4 DO I 48 + EMIT CR LOOP ;

We have to add 48 to I to obtain the ASCII of the character we wish to print. The ASCII of number 1 is 49. The I places the counter value on the stack, then we add the 48... ok?

Now let's get really tricky and use something else...

FOR I=5 TO 21 STEP 4
PRINT "STEP"
NEXT I

is:
: TEST 22 5 DO ." STEP" CR 4 +LOOP ;

We have used +LOOP here, with the STEP immediately in
front of it.

Nested loops? No problem.

FOR J=1 TO 6
FOR I=4 TO 12
PRINT J+I
NEXT I
NEXT J

: TEST 7 I DO 13 4 DO I J + . CR LOOP LOOP ;

Oh yes .... if you really dont like using I, you can use R instead, 'cos again they are completely interchangeable ....

WHAT NUMBERS DO YOU USE WITH SYSTEM?
The answer to this is on your Forth disk, on Screen 33.
Strange but true, CLEAR SCREEN is NOT a resident operation in TI FORTH, if you fail to load -SYNONYMS (which is automatically loaded with the graphics and Editor options) then you cannot clear the screen EXCEPT by using SYSTEM!

Using 16 SYSTEM (decimal!) clears the screen, and you can see from screen 33 that the clear screen word CLS is defined in just this manner!

If -SYNONYMS is loaded there is no advantage to using 16 SYSTEM instead of CLS.

Volume One, Number One. Received by Air Mail on December 10th 1985.
Side One consists of DV80 text items, but if you do not have a TI Writer do not despair as a very clever machine code file reader is included. Both sides of the disk are accessible by menu.

On side one can be found 21 files, including introductory text, some machine code source code for programs on side two, an article by RON ALBRIGHT (that name rings a bell ....) explaining how TI ARTIST pictures can he picked up by GRAPHX... and as each has different features, the two together constitute a very powerful Graphics package. TI ARTIST also has some compatability with DRAW A BIT 1 and 2.

There is an assembly language tutorial. Articles on double column printing and sideways printing.

SIDE TWO has 29 files. Many of these are XB Program files... but they are not! Following in the footsteps of FUNLWRITER (but written independently) we have XB programs which are really machine code programs!

Contents include: Two alternative character sets for your programs, switched in instantly; a slow disk copier, a machine code disk cataloguer which can sit in memory until you need it and be called from your program or in direct mode; a DEFTABLE reader...

Also the two column program and sideways print program (the latter with two fonts supplied); microtutorials on disk sector zero and firebutton; several sector access routines and demos; the game of HOLEY MOLEY, a simple disk protector; a fascinating math demo; a maddening game of penny toss, which the computer seems to always win even if YOU toss a real coin, a program to zip through the disk and write protect all the files ( NOT a good thing to do to a machine code program format file).

Also a fast disk cleaner (eg reduces the contents to zilch but keeps the disk initialisation); and a program which allows you to save to disk OR TAPE your machine code programs in ordinary program format... so in theory an owner with just a tape recorder and 32k could load machine code. I don't seem to have any machine code programs written for XB to test this... it will NOT work with machine code programs written for Editor Assembler or for Mini Memory.

ALL of this for just US$5! Astonishing value.

The game HOLEY MOLEY is by John Behnke,

Barry Traver, the Editor, has had material published in 99er, The Smart Programmer, and Super 99, as well as being a Sysop on CompuServe.

UPDATE: In July 1988 - a full 30 months after the above review, Barry wrote to me to advise that I was the ONLY UK subscriber to his wonderful diskazine.

This item is taken from SYDNEY NEWS DIGEST, the publication of TI.S.H.U.G in Australia. It appeared in the March 1985 issue, and was sent in by Marcello Zannini of the Italian Users Group in Bologna, Italy.

This routine allows you to have 32 sprites in TI Basic, with NO nodules or peripherals required. The sprites do not have automatic motion, and there is no CALL COINC, but the routine opens up the 32 graphic planes, and allows a character to be placed with single pixel precision. Sprites can be moved manually to give single pixel movement of characters if required.

We have previously produced some sprites in TI Basic with the Mini Memory Module, using CALL POKEV (earlier issues of TI*MES).

Now, with no module in place, we do not have POKEV available, so the puzzle is: how, using TI BASIC, can we change memory?

TI Basic has one easy to use command which can change 8 bytes of memory very quickly... it is called CALL CHAR, and it writes these bytes into any area of VDP RAM mapped as 'character definitions'.

If you stayed awake through the article on VDP REGISTERS in TI*MES issue NINE, you will realise that by changing VDP Register FIVE, we can move the SPRITE ATTRIBUTE LIST to any part of VDP RAM, INCLUDING the area the console considers to be the character definition table.

If we can do this, then we can use CALL CHAR to write to VDP RAM in an area considered by the CPU to define characters, AND AT THE SAME TIME, define our sprites.

So, the puzzle becomes one of: How do we change the VDP registers using no modules... CALL PEEKV is not available in ordinary TI BASIC.

Now the really clever bit ( ringraziamenti Marcello!) - when you load a program from cassette, there is a HEADER at the start which tells the computer what you are loading and where to put it. Why don't we use the header to place a value into VDP RAM to change the VDR REGISTER!!

NB: If you have more than a cassette recorder, disconnect now! This article is for Console and Cassette ONLY.

The first step is to set the VDP Register, and Marcello has supplied a general purpose register changer ....
see TI*MES Issue Nine for further details.
Type in this program, then RUN it, with a blank tape in the recorder!

10 REM FILES GENERATOR
20 TO MODIFY VDP REGISTERS
30 REM COPYRIGHT IT U.G. BOLOGNA, ITALY
100 CALL CLEAR
110 INPUT "REGISTER # 0-7":R
115 INPUT "VALUE (0-255)":D `
120 A=18429-(256*R+D)
130 X$=CHR$(0)&CHR$(O)&CHRS(0)
14O OPEN #1:"CSI",OUTPUT,FIXED
150 PRINT #1:X$&X$&CHR$(INT(A/256))&CHR$(A)
160 CLOSE #1
170 END

After you have RUN the above program, you will have an odd file on tape.
Do a FULL RESET by typing BYE and reselect TI BASIC.
Now LOAD the tape file as though it was a program, with OLD CS1.
After you press ENTER at the end of the load, the screen will misbehave (watch for the colour black).
Now press an alphabetic key and then press ENTER.
Look .... "MEMORY FULL"!!!
Type in NEW.
The VDP register is now reset until you QUIT or BYE.

Sprites can be placed on the screen as follows:
CALL CHAR(144,"Y1X1F1C1Y2X2F2C2") (where Y1, X1 etc are values - 4 values for each sprite)
eg CALL CHAR(144,"04037A0C02057B0B") (that is 8 values for TWO sprites, TWO numbers per value)
Where each CALL CHAR carries the four parameters required for two sprites, with each parameter a two digit hexadecimal number.
Y=Row (0-191), X=Column(0-255), F=ASCII+96, C=COLOR(0-15)

What is the HEX for decimal 122?:
122/16= 7 remainder 10 (10=>A where > means HEX)
7/16= 0 remainder 7 ( 7 = >7 )
Therefore 122= >7A

As we are defining two sprites at a time, if you only want one, the final 8 values will be D0000000 to mark the end of the sprite table. If you want two sprites you need to define the next character with a D and 17 zeroes. D0 is the hexadecimal equivalent of 208.

NOTE: As with mini memory, we MUST terminate the sprite table with a value of 208. In other words the final sprite is defined with the values D0000000,

No matter which is the highest value sprite, always end the definition with a hexadecimal equivalent to decimal 208.

The following demo program builds an array H$ such that we can use this to build up the hexadecimal string required.
Ready...

1 REM IT U.G. BOLOGNA ITALY
5 CALL CLEAR
10 DIM(A$(16),H$(255)
20 FOR P=1 TO 15
30 A$(P)=SEG$("0123456789ABCDEF",P+1,1)
35 NEXT P
40 FOR P=0 TO 15
45 K=16*P
50 FOR J=0 TO 15
55 H$(K+J)=A$(P)&A$(J)
50 NEXT J
65 NEXT P
70 REM SPRITE MAGENTA DEMO
75 F$=H$(128)&H$(64+96)
80 F$=F$&H$(14—1)&H$(208)
85 FOR Y=0 TO 191
90 CALL HCHAR(12,12,144)
95 CALL CHAR(144,H$(Y)&F$)
99 NEXT Y

EXTENDED BASIC IIplus is a standard TI Module, and contains the standard TI Extended Basic Version 110, plus another 8k of extra CALLs, plus a pseudo-hi-res package from APESOFT (of Austria).

The documentation I had was a DRAFT running to 102 pages. These described ONLY the additions to TI XB, so you can see the changes are not trivial.

Although the documentation was thick, there were a few printing errors, a lot of literals, and in many cases the commands have not been very well explored or detailed.

WARNING: The extra chips in the module draw more power: over the TI specification, but that was sufficiently safe to permit the extra drain. The module does run hotter than TI XB! AND YOU MUST NOT OPERATE THIS MODULE WITH A CMOS 32K RAM POWERED BY THE CONSOLE. The console power supply won't take that much extra drain.

The extras available come in two types:
1. EXTRA CALLS available with the module only
2. EXTRA Graphics capability WITH 32K RAM.

Lets look at (1)Extra Calls first:
Extra calls include: BHCOPY, VPEEK, VPOKE, GPEEK, ALLSET, WAIT, MOVE, MSAVE, MLOAD, BYE, NEW, RESTORE, QUITON, QUITOFF, SPROF, SPRON, SCREENOF, SCREENON, and FIND.

BHCOPY is a screen dump program. Not very well explained, and at first I was ready to dismiss it entirely. In fact it is one of the better screen dumps! It permits you to set your printer to the best line feed spacing for your printer, and at the start of each line you can send up to ten control characters.
(with my set up I had to send a line feed, CHR$(10) )
You use it by opening a file to your printer, specifying control codes and then using CALL BHCOPY within your program.
VPEEK, VPOKE and GPEEK... similar to PEEKV and POKEV but with a GROM peek as well.
ALLSET resets lowercase as well as upper case characters.
HALT halts execution for a specified time OR until a key is pressed.
MOVE moves code within memory, and can move code between VDP and CPU ram. This allows you for instance to save screen displays in the 32k ram and change the screen INSTANTLY with a single MOVE command. There nay be some capability of using the 32k as a hard disk but this is not documented.

MSAVE and MLOAD allow for CPU RAM to be saved to tape or disk and subsequently reloaded. HLOAD can load machine code programs intended for Option 5 of editor/ assembler, with the added option of defeating the auto start.
In theory we may have here the ability to save and load machine code to/from cassette, but this is not adequately documented and I have been unable to make it work.

Assuming all goes according to plan, I should own the games by late January. At that point it will take about six weeks to have them ready for re-sale. The intention is to have all three games on one disc selling at GBP 35.00 to anywhere in the world. For three games of this quality, that's a very fair price. The games are Submarine Commander, River Rescue and Computer War. All three are of the very highest quality and I can only say it's a tragedy that it's taken so long to get this far. Even now it may not happen - keep your fingers crossed.

When I first started writing this column, I was working in the amusement business servicing Juke Boxes and Video games that were in Pubs. To put it bluntly, I hated it but the pay was good. When the company I worked for went bust, I was forced to expand the part time business of adapting arcade joysticks for the TI99/4A (thence the name Arcade Hardware) to a full time business or join Maggies Army in the dole. Gradually, I've built the business up to the point where I can make a tolerable living. Anyone whose been to NNN Hxxxon Rd will realise I haven't got rich doing this, but the point is, I love doing what I'm doing.

Working in pubs, dealing with vandalism and abuse doesn't hold a candle to dealing with pleasant, intelligent and charming people I've met and spoken to during the period Arcade Hardware has been trading. I'm constantly fascinated at the wide variety of ages and professions too. From every scale from an airline pilot to a plumber, a refuse collector to a professional computer programmer. And age holds no barriers either.

I've watched eight year olds hold their own with 69 year olds. Like most hobbies, the limitation on how deeply someone gets involved seems to be how much disposable income can be spent. But even within that, the ability to learn can compensate for a fair lack of modules/peripherals. 0f course, there have been hiccoughs and a few bad eggs, both product wise and people wise. Like the Basic Conversion Kit or the man who got very upset at discovering that having cheated me once, I wasn't going to let him do it again. But for the rest, thank you for 1985 when I'm still going and most of the home computer business is in tatters.

Thank you too for your time on the 'phone and many pleasant conversations, thank you for the letters which take time to write. Thank you also those who've shown me hospitality way beyond the normal requirements of a buyer/seller transaction. Thank you for your custom without which I'd be one of the three and a half million. .
Lets do it again in 1986.